Pink Skunk Clownfish – A Complete Guide

Pink with a whitish “skunk” streak and a charming personality, the Pink Skunk Clownfish is one of most distinctive anemonefish. These are the tiniest of the clowns, but they have a sleek physique such as the Ocellaris and Percula Clowns. Their other names are due to their mainly derivative of their typical colouring and white-striping. Also known as Salmon Clownfish, Pink Skunk Clown, Whitebanded Anemonefish, White-maned Anemonefish, False Skunk-stripe Anemonefish, False Skunk-stripe Anemonefish, False Skunk Striped Clown, Pink Skunk Anemonefish, and Pink Anemonefish.

The Rose-Magenta Skunk Clownfish is a lovely held in captivity variation with a rose scarlet pink tint and fuchsia borders on the flippers. Pink Skunk Clownfish are extremely reliant on their hosting coral in the environment, rarely leaving the security of its tendrils. These only interact with a few species of marine anemone, and unlike most clownfish, they are not naturally shielded from the stinging of other hosting anemones, according to research. Most other fish, such as fairies and flashing wrasses, that are placid to little semi-aggressive, make better tankmates. This clownfish should be among the first species introduced to the aquarium to allow them to adjust. Read on to know more about “their strange Behavior, tank care, reproduction, like everything about the Pink Anemonefish”

Background: Bleeker discovered the Pink Skunk Clownfish in 1855.

Scientific Name: Amphiprion perideraion

Family: Pomacentridae

Habitat/Range: Indo pacific – These can be found from the Cocos Keeling and Christmas Islands to Thailand’s southern coast, then east to Samoa and north to the Ryukyus Islands, then south to New Caledonia and the Great Barrier Reef.

Appearance:

 Their bodies are pale pink, peachy, or pinkish yellow in hue, as their name suggests. The fins are colorless, while males’ tailfins and soft ventral fins show pink or orange along the edges, whilst females’ fins are whiter. A white skunk-like line runs up the back of the animal, starting at the snout and ending at the base of the tailfin. A small white band runs around the head behind the eyes, which distinguishes him from the rest of the Skunk Complex. It extends from a few centimeters below the white dorsal stripe to the chin. Females have whiter fins and pink tail borders, whereas males have pink tail borders and soft dorsal fins.

Similarity with other clownfish: 

 Yellowtail clownfish is most-similar to its Skunk complex members: 

Orange Skunk Clownfish (Amphiprion sandaracinos): 

They are orange/apricot in colour and lack a longitudinal headband on the back of their eyes. It has a dramatic and wide dorsal band that starts boldly on the mouth and extends towards the tail.

Skunk Clownfish (Amphiprion akallopisos): 

They are identical to the Pink Skunk Clown in colour, but they haven’t the vertical-head stripe on the back of their eyes. On this type, the upper band is thin and creates a point that-ends just before-the-mouth.

Pink Skunk Clownfish have been reported to hybridise with the A. akallopisos in nature.

Pink Skunk Clownfish Size

With a length of only approximately 4.3 inches (11 cm)

Pink Skunk Clownfish Color

The Anemonefish has a peach-orange base colour with a single white stripe running behind the head from the nose to the tail. Well behind the eyes is another white lacquer stripe.

Difference between males and females Pink Skunk Clownfish

 This ‘species’ males and females are normally of equal size. Males feature pink or orange along the tailfin’s edges and soft front fins, but females have whiter fins. A protandrous hermaphrodite, these clownfish are. The female pink skunk clownfish can reach a length of four inches, but the males can reach 6-7 inches, therefore the male with the largest size will become a female.

Pink Skunk Clownfish Lifespan:

 21 years– In captivity, they have been known to live for over 21 years.

Diet:

 The Pink Skunk Clownfish eats a wide variety of foods. Algae, worms, amphipods, tunicate and crustacean larvae, very small crabs, barnacle appendages, isopods, gastropod fragments, and damaged eggs from their nest are among the foods they consume in nature.

Behavior and Temperament: 

Skunk-in Pink Clownfish is ideal for a tranquil reef habitat, but they also thrive in a fish-only aquarium. This fish is one of the most tranquil. They’re classified as semi-aggressive.

Care level: Moderately Easy

Conversation Status: 

On corals, anemonefish and their host anemones suffer similar environmental challenges. Anemones, like corals, have subcellular endosymbionts called zooxanthellae and can bleach as a result of environmental factors like increased water temperature or acidification. Local populations and genetic diversity remain vulnerable to the worldwide ornamental fish trade’s top standard of enslavement of these species and their presenter anemones. This species was not evaluated in the IUCN Red List 2012 release.

AQUARIUM CONDITIONS Pink Skunk Clownfish

Tank Set up for Pink Skunk Clownfish

Tank size:

 20 gals (76 L) – A minimum of 20 gallons is required for one, with a couple requiring 40 gallons or more. If you want to keep it with an anemone, you’ll need a bigger tank of 55 gallons or more.

Suitable for Nano Tank:

 They are sometimes more sensitive to changes in water parameters and require at least a 20 gallons tank that is well preserved.

Tank Setup: 

The tank is filled with beautiful sea stones or coral reefs, but the possible explanation is that pink skunk clownfish are suitable for corals.

Tank Lightening:

 It doesn’t require any particular illumination, but if maintained with a host, it will demand bright lighting.

Live Rock Requirement:

 Particular Hiding Places – When there are no anemones around, stone formations with hiding spots are particularly important.

Substrate Type: Any

Maintenance of the tank: 

Daily: Check the water filtration, the temperature of the water, the specific gravity of the water, and all of the other equipment in the tank.

Weekly: Check the water quality at least once a week.

Monthly: Every 2-4 weeks/as needed, change up to fifteen to twenty percent of the entire amount of water. The gradual introduction of new tankmates is also important.

• Equipments and Tank setting

Clownfish can be grown in a saltwater aquarium or a tiny reef. For one Pink Skunk Clownfish, a basic tank capacity of 20 gallons is required, although frequent water changes are required to maintain high water quality. If you really want a couple or wish to add more fish, a minimum of 40 gallons is recommended. Provide live rock with plenty of algals for this fish to hide under and forage from. If there is a dearth of algae, supplement with high-quality foods containing Spirulina. Although the flow of water is not important, the tank must have at least one region with the sluggish flow for this species to feed.

These are jittery fish who will benefit from the presence of a host anemone. They can, though, be maintained without one if they have enough hiding spots and their tankmates aren’t hostile or energetic. The clownfish does not require any special lighting, however, if maintained with an anemone, bright lighting is required. If you want to retain an anemone, you’ll need a tank with a capacity of 55 gallons or more, based on the anemone’s requirements. Anemones require adequate water quality and a well-established tank, which is six months to a year older. These clownfish will swim on all floors of the tank, but when they have a hosting anemone, they would spend a lot of time in or near it.

So, this species is native to the tropics, keeping aquarium water temperatures between 74° and 82° F (23°-27° C) is ideal. Extremes of temperature exceeding 90° F (32° C) or below 64° F (18° C) would be too much for them. Temperatures of 79°F-83°F (26°C-28°C) are ideal for spawning. 

List of equipments that are required for a saltwater aquarium:

1. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
2. Power strip/surge protector
3. Tank
4. Tank stand
5. Bio-Wheel Filters
6. Reverse Osmosis Unit or Deionizer 
7. Salt mix 
8. Hydrometer
9. Digital pH Monitor
10. Aquarium Photo Background or Paint the background
11. Test kits
12.  Buckets, Towels, Rubber Gloves
13. Substrate
14. Refugium
15. Trace Elements
16. Aquarium vacuum
17. Live Rock / Decorative rocks or coral 
18. Heater
19. Thermometer
20. Saltwater test kit
21. UV Aquarium Sterilizers
22. Lights 
23. Powerhead and sweeper
24. Protein Skimmer 
25. Salinity Meter
26. Reverse Osmosis System (RO/DI Unit)
27. Wave Maker and Power Head
28. Algae Scraper
29. Media Reactor
30. Carbon and GFO
31. Marine Fish

False Skunk-Stripe Clownfish Water Parameters

There are some important water-parameters for pink skunk clownfish given below:

Parameter	Suggested Level FO	Suggested Level FOWLR	Suggested Level Reef
Specific Gravity	1.020-1.025	1.020-1.025	1.023-1.025
pH	8.1-8.4	8.1-8.4	8.1-8.4
Alkalinity	8-12 dKH	8-12 dKH	8-12 dKH
Ammonia (NH3)	Undetectable	Undetectable	Undetectable
Nitrite (NO2)	Undetectable	Undetectable	Undetectable
Nitrate – Nitrogen (NO3)	< 30.0 ppm	< 30.0 ppm	< 1.0 ppm
Phosphate (PO4)	< 1.0 ppm	< 1.0 ppm	< 0.2 ppm
Calcium	350-450 ppm	350-450 ppm	350-450 ppm
Magnesium	1150-1350 ppm	1150-1350 ppm	1250-1350 ppm
Iodine	0.04-0.10 ppm	0.04-0.10 ppm	0.06-0.10 ppm
Strontium	4-10 ppm	4-10 ppm	8-14 ppm
Temperature	72-78°F	72-78°F	72-78°F

Breeding Temperature:

 79.0° F – Temperatures of 79° F to 82° F (26° – 28°C) are ideal for producing high-quality eggs and larvae.

Brackish: No

Water Movement: 

Include at least one spot in the tank with slower water velocity so they can eat.

Water Region:

 Any – If they have an anemone, they will stick to it regardless of where it is.

Water Hardness: 18 dGH

These are, to my understanding, optimal parameters; however, fire clowns may have to deal with slight inconsistencies and less-than-perfect scenarios.

Cost: $20-$25

Compatibility: Community safe

Aquarium Hardiness: Very Hardy

Prone to Disease: No

Pink Skunk Anemonefish Feeding Guide

Feed: 

Foods that are chilled, flaking, or alive

Diet: 

Omnivore – Use Spirulina-based items, especially when there aren’t enough algae in the aquarium for them all to feed on.

Flake Food: Yes

Pellet/Tablet: Yes

Live foods (shrimp, fish, or worms):

 Some of the food can be fed to naturally collected specimens or to a specific breed to prepare them for the spawn.

Vegetable Food:

  White-banded Clownfish have a higher requirement for vegetable diets than other fish.

Meaty Food:

 some of the nutritional

Feeding Frequency: 

Feedings throughout the day – Feed adults twice a day and juveniles three to four times a day.

White-maned Anemonefish Clownfish tank mates

Compatible Other Fish:

Clownfish are famous for their “singing,” which is composed of chirps and pops created with their teeth and amplified with their jaws! There are roughly 29 kinds of clownfish. When they are assaulted or attacked, they deploy a variety of combinations. Clark’s Clownfish, Tomato Clownfish, and Pink Skunk Clownfish are the three loudest.

These fish can be housed in couples or maybe even small communities as they’re social fish. A mating couple and sub adults share one host in such groupings. The anemone’s sub adults normally live on the anemone’s margins. Because of their small size and timid character, pink skunk clowns rely on the sea anemone for safety and protection.

The differences in behaviour between clownfish of the same breed are fascinating and easy to spot. A female’s constant dominance prevents a male from changing sex. A dominant clownfish will exhibit “agonistic conduct,” whilst the inferior clownfish would exhibit “appeaser behaviour.” The subservient clownfish responds to the hostile fish’s particular actions:

• If the hostile fish, usually a female, is pursuing and tweeting, the submissive clownfish, which can be a male or a subadult, will quickly shiver their body and make snapping noises as they glide upwards.
• The aggressive clownfish’s jaw snapping causes the submissive clownfish to shake their body or face.
• The aggressive clownfish’s dorsal lean causes the submissive clownfish to tremble.
• When an aggressive clownfish exhibits ventral leaning, the submissive clownfish exhibits dorsal leaning.

A list of compatible tank mates for False Skunk-stripe Anemonefish are given below:

Peaceful fish: (But need to monitor, when place in a mini-tank) 

• Gobies
• Dartfish
• Assessors 
• Fairy wrasses

Semi-Aggressive: (But need to monitor and don’t place with any-other clown)

• Anthias 
• Clownfish 
• Dwarf angels

Large Semi-Aggressive: 

• Tangs 
• Large Angels 
• Large Wrasses

Slow Swimmers & Eaters: (But need to monitor and place in a big aquarium)

• Seahorses
• Pipefish 
• Mandarins

Shrimps, Crabs, Snails: (But need to monitor because Red Tomato Clown might eat them)

Safe: 

• Starfish
• Feather Dusters
• Bristle Worms
• Flatworms
• Clams, Scallops 
• Oysters
• Copepods
• Amphipods 
• Mini Brittle Stars

Non-compatible tank mates: These could be the worst tank-mates with Whitebanded Anemonefish:

Aggressive: 

• Dottybacks 
• 6-Line & 8-Line 
• Wrasse Damselfish

Large Aggressive (Predatory):

• Lionfish 
• Groupers
• Soapfish

Others:

• Triggerfish
• Eels
• Batfish
• Some Puffers
• Sharks/Rays
• Wrasse-fish only

In your tank, only maintain one type of clown. It’s not a good idea to mix clown species.

Symbiotic Relationship with Sea-anemones: 

Symbiosis expresses the relation between a clownfish and its host sea anemone, in which both parties benefit. The clownfish’s resilience to the sting of an anemone’s tentacles permits them to stay in this host, keeping larger fish from eating them. The clownfish’s brilliant colour may also warn predators that they will be hurt if they got too close. The clownfish will then defend its host against anemone-eating fish. In reality, research in the field found that when clownfish were withdrawn from anemones, the anemones were soon eaten by a variety of fish. The clownfish will also clean up detritus, munch on the remains of any meals the anemone has trapped, and supply ‘nutrition’ to the coral in the form of excrement.

Only 5 types of sea-anemones are compatible with Pink Skunk Clownfish:

• Magnificent or Ritteri Anemone (Heteractis magnifica)
• Sebae Anemone (Heteractis crispa)
• Saddle Anemone (Stichodactyla haddoni)
• Long Tentacle or Corkscrew Anemone (Macrodactyla doreensis)
• Giant Carpet Anemone (Stichodactyla gigantea)

Sea anemones are a beautiful addition to any coral tank, but they are more difficult to maintain. The Pink Skunk Clownfish will not leave their anemone if they are kept together. They are extremely reliant on their host anemone in the wild, rarely leaving the shelter of its tentacles. They normally only venture 4″ to 8″ away to eat, and it will only travel up to 20″ for a bite on rare occasions.

• Condy Anemones (Condylactis gigantea) 

They should not be kept in the same aquarium as these clownfish. These are carnivorous anemones with high mobility. They are not “clown hosting coralline algae.” Their sting is far more potent than that of clownfish-hosting anemones, and any clownfish foolish enough just to engage is at risk. The Pink Skunk Clownfish will be stung to death by Condylactis anemones.

Reef Compatible: 

These clownfish do good in reef aquariums. Anemones are perfectly acceptable when living with the clownfish, in a coral reef system. Pink skunk anemonefish rarely harm corals, apart from taking algae from the base of a coral reef they’ve taken up as a host. Clownfish will have a rich realistic atmosphere and it’s because of the host-anemone. Whereas most fish keep them away from the anemone’s stinging-tentacles for fear of becoming their meal, clownfish may spend long hours inside it. Sea-anemones are a wonderful-addition to any coral reef tank, but they’re more difficult to maintain. If you want to retain a sea-anemone, ensure that its unique requirements are addressed.

• Mushroom Anemones – Corallimorphs
• Feather Dusters
• LPS corals
• SPS corals
• COLT corals
• Rasta Corals – Sinularia spp.
• Brain Corals – Trachyphyllia Radiata
• Gorgonians, Sea Fans
• Leather Corals
• Hammer Corals
• Toadstool Corals
• Soft Corals (xenias, tree corals)
• Star Polyps/Organ Pipe Coral
• Zoanthids – Button Polyps, Sea Mats
• Sponges, Tunicates

Predator Tank Compatible: No

Number to a tank:

 You can store them alone or in pairs, but only one pair should be placed at a time. Because if there are more couples, they may become aggressive.

How to Breed a False Skunk Striped Clown?

Step 1:

In your aquarium, you may keep more than a couple of fire clowns. However, keep in mind that only one of them will be a breeding couple. The female is the bigger of the two, whereas the male is the tinier of the two. It’s also recommended to avoid mixing this clownfish with other clownfish types because they’ll fight. When it comes to sex identification, every clownfish is born a male. A mating couple may coexist with some non-breeding smaller male in natural colonies. 

Step 2:

The dominant-male would switch gender and be the female-only when the female dies. ‘Protandrous sequential hermaphroditism’ is the term for this condition. In a home tank with two young individuals, the larger of both will become the female. Please remember that pink skunk clownfish are quite sensitive to copper-medicines.

Step 3:

The remaining individuals will continue to exist as immature males. Breeding will occur on its own when the time is right; all you have to do is supply them with a clean, caring, and safe habitat. If you have to get things moving faster, make sure they’re eating a nutritious and calorie-balanced diet. Most importantly, you should be sure to feed them a calorie and nutrient-balanced diet several times a day. Canned foods are usually less healthy than live foods.

Spawning: 

Pink Skunk Clownfish have indeed been kept in captivity, however breeding them in a tank is much more challenging. When they are hatched, all clownfish are undifferentiated, but they are sex switchers. They transform into immature males in response to particular social cues, and then when the time arrives, a dominating fish will transform into a female. Clownfish do not reproduce for the rest of their lives, and they will stop reproducing some years before they die.

Pre-spawning Behavior:

 White-maned Anemonefish have been seen wandering away from their home anemone at a faster rate than other clownfish. Males in the wild have a reputation for abandoning their wives, kicking out a smaller male in a neighboring anemone, and taking his female, then repeating the procedure with the next smaller species.

Turning away from each other their abdominal surfaces close together, angling towards one another with their ventral surfaces close around each other, banging their heads, or one or both partaking in head standing are all examples of clownfish acts during romancing. Clownfish do not mate for their entire lives, and they will cease breeding for several years before reaching the end of their lifespan.

Spawning Process:

 To spawn, these clownfish are supposed to require at least a 40-gals tank. When reproducing in captivity, it is vital to feed them with nutritious foods in order to fatten them up. Skunk Pink Clownfish can take up to 5 years to grow sufficiently to lay their first egg. In nature, pairs of clownfish would lay eggs approximately once a month all year, but in the aquarium, they can be unreliable spawners. Some have been known to reproduce twice or three times before ceasing to reproduce for months, if not years.

Once the water temperature is between 79°F-83°F (26°C-28°C), pink skunk clownfish spawn. Tryst begins 3 to 5 days before spawning, and the female’s belly begins to bulge with eggs at this time. As the male and female approach close to spawning, they sweep off any rock or rubble around the host anemone’s base. Spawning can last up to two and half hours and occurs in the late morning to early afternoon.

Right before spawning the pair swim side-by-side with bellies touching. When the female is ready, she presses her belly against the nesting site and the male swims behind her, fertilizing the eggs. The males have been known to come back and re-fertilize the eggs. He also mouths and fans the clutch of eggs, spending 30% to 60% of the daylight hours near the nest. 

Protection of their eggs: 

Reproduction occurs two to three hours after the sun sets for a day and seems to last around an hour and a half, with a batch of eggs ranging from 400 to 450 eggs on average, depending on the size of the female. The bright red eggs are blown and mouthed as they grow to keep them free of fungal infections and detritus, as well as well ventilated.

Hatching:  The typical clutch size is roughly 300 eggs. The eggs will hatch in 8 to 10 days, depending on the water temperature. This normally happens between one or one and half hours after sundown at night. During two hours, all of the eggs will hatch, and the larvae will rise into the surrounding water.

Image credit @ adobe stock

Ease of Breeding: Difficult 

Acclimatization

It’s just a smart option to acclimatise a Pink Skunk Clown in a deep container to prevent them from falling out. Follow these steps to get started:

• Insert your clownfish in a big bucket half-filled with water. 

• Shower for 45 minutes at a rate of three drips per second to acclimatise. Your fish will adjust to the water level in the aquarium during this period. 

• Using a fish-net, gently place the fish in the tank once it has completed the acclimatisation phase.

• Please remember that you are not using water from your fish’s house to fill the tank.

How do you keep Pink Skunk Clown with care?

Pink Anemonefish are extremely powerful and easy to care for. Beginner aquarists will have success with the pink skunk Clownfish as a first attempt at the saltwater hobby, If you do regular water modifications, feed them a range of meals, and keep them in the right tank with both the right tank mates, your anemonefish will live a long time.

These clownfish prefer anemones in the wild, but they are totally comfortable in the aquarium without them. These clowns are perfectly content to hide among the rockwork. If you’re going to try an anemone, give yourself at least 6 months to gain experience conducted to evaluate and add calcium, magnesium, and other nutrients to your tank before adding this clownfish.

The pink skunk clown is tough and durable and easy to spot. They thrive when provided with good water and a well-kept tank. Any saltwater fish exposed to fewer water bodies for a long period of time will fall victim to illness and disease, regardless of their tolerance for it. Water appears to have changed every two weeks and will also help to replace impurities lost by the fish and corals.

• What could you do to keep your Clownfish from getting sick?

When given good water conditions and a well-maintained tank, they thrive. Despite their tolerance for less-than-ideal water quality, any saltwater fish exposed to it for an extended period of time will succumb to illness and disease. Regular bi-weekly water changes will also aid in the replacement of trace elements lost by the fish and corals.

Be careful if you notice the following symptoms:

• Anorexia 
• Strenuous breathing
• White-spots on the body
• Open-sores
• Bulging eyes
• Cloudy-eyes
• Reddish fins 
• Frayed and ripped fins

Anorexia is often the first sign of a problem. If your Clownfish refuses to eat, look for signs of other illnesses so you can begin treatment sooner. The remaining indicators are self-evident and will reveal whether or not tomato clownfish become ill. Diseases can enter your tank through live rock, corals, and fish that haven’t been cleaned or quarantined properly. The simplest way to avoid this is to thoroughly clean or quarantine whatever you intend to add to the tank. Providing high-quality diets, clean, high-quality water, and appropriate tank mates are also helpful in preventing illness.

It is recommendable to keep an eye on the illnesses rather than subjecting the fish to the hard work of being exposed to medication and distress.

• Diseases

So, these fish are usually robust, disease is rarely a concern in a well-kept aquarium. However, if they do become unwell, some illnesses can be fatal. Clownfish are susceptible to the same diseases and ailments that affect other saltwater fish, including fungal, bacterial, parasitic, and other infections. All marine fish will become ill if excellent water purity is not maintained, the temperature swings excessively, or the fish is agitated as a result of inadequate tankmates. A distressed fish appears to be more prone to sickness.

If you detect the following disease, be cautious:

• Brooklynellosis, often known as Clownfish-Disease/Brooklynella hostilis (Brook)

• Marine Ich/Cryptocaryon irritans/Velvet Disease/White Spot Disease Crypt
• Uronema (Uronema marinum)
• Oodinium ocellatum (Synonyms: Amyloodinium ocellatum, Branchiophilus maris)

These are mostly parasitic infections.

• Treatments

The cheapest to treat is crypt (saltwater Ich), but they’re all treatable if caught early enough. The parasitic dermal flagellate Marine Velvet is one of the most common problems in marine tanks. It’s a quick disease that mostly targets the gills. Brook takes 30 hours to kill, but Uronema is one of the earliest, taking as little as 24 hours to kill. When an aquarist reduces salinity to treat other diseases but does not go far enough, uronema develops. This organism thrives in brine with a specific gravity of 1.013 to 1.020. If you have a disease, make sure to treat it with usual sodium of about 1.023 or a lesser salinity of about 1.009.

Instant Treatment and other 37 percent Formaldehyde solution concoctions will work for both levels of salinity, however, the lower 1.009 will help with the oxygen content. The percentage of oxygen in the water increases as the salt level decreases. “When fighting Brook or Crypt, I realised that if I utilised the proper hyposalinity of 1.009, no higher, my clownfish seemed to breathe better and were less frightened”… Carrie McBirney.

Hepatitis can enter your tank through live rock, corals, and fish that haven’t been cleaned or quarantined properly. The simplest method to avoid this is to carefully clean or quarantine whatever you intend to bring to the tank. Providing high-quality meals, clean, high-quality water, and appropriate tank mates are also helpful in preventing illness.

FAQs Related to Pink Skunk Clownfish

Conclusion

In general, we can say that having pink skunk clownfish at home is a simple task for novices. The tank configuration, water specifications, and equipment are all durable and easy to clean. It is critical that you first educate yourself, as feeding the skunk pink Clown is a difficult task. If you don’t know how much and when and how to feed your common pink skunk clownfish, you’ll have health problems. Tankmates should be carefully chosen to avoid your pink clown becoming a victim of other fish or becoming aggressive enough to harm the tank’s environment. If treated right, the pink skunks can live as long as they can in captivity.